Nhanganyaya

Mukugadzirwa kwemishonga, zvinonyungudutsa zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvikamu zvakawanda zvekugadzira, kubvisa, kuchenesa uye kugadzira API. Zvisinei, kana zvinonyungudutsa izvi zvisina kubviswa zvachose kubva muzvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira, "zvinonyungudutsa zvakasara" zvichagadzirwa. Zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa zvine chepfu, kenza kana dzimwe njodzi dzinogona kuitika pahutano, saka, kudzora zvakanyanya huwandu hwezvinonyungudutsa zvakasara mumishonga hakusi kungori chinhu chikuru chekuona kuchengetedzeka kwemishonga yevarwere, asiwo chikamu chakakosha chekutarisira mhando yemishonga.

Mukuongorora nzvimbo yemusoro, sampuro yacho inovharwa mumudziyo chaiwo wekudziisa, kuitira kuti zvikamu zvinoshanduka-shanduka zviburitswe munzvimbo yegesi iri pamusoro pechirongo, uye gasi iri rinopinzwa mu chromatograph yegesi kuti riongororwe. Kuvimbika uye kururama kwedanho iri rinoita serakareruka zvinoenderana zvakanyanya nechinhu chakakosha chinoshandiswa - mavharo emusoro.

Pfupiso yeNzira dzeKuongorora Zvisaririra Zvekare

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvinonyungudutsa zvinogona kuwanikwa mumishonga, zvine hunhu hwakasiyana-siyana hwechepfu, zvinofanirwa kurongwa uye kutarisirwa zvichienderana nenjodzi dzazvo dzinogona kuitika kana zvaongororwa uye zvadzorwa. Zviyeuchidzo zvekupatsanura zvakaongororwa nevezera renyika yose zvinoisa zvinonyungudutsa zvakasara muzvikamu zvitatu zvinotevera:

1. Kirasi 1: Zvinonyungudutsa zvinorambidzwa

Kusanganisira benzene, methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, nezvimwewo, zvine kenza uye njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza, zvinofanira kudzivirirwa pakugadzirwa. Miganhu inodzorwa zvakanyanya uye inowanzo verengerwa pamazinga eppm kana kutodzikira.

2. Kirasi 2: Zvinonyungudutsa zvinogona kudzorwa zvishoma

Kusanganisira toluene, acetonitrile, DMF, isopropyl alcohol nezvimwewo. Zera rezvinhu izvi zvinonyungudutsa rinobvumirwa pasi pemiganho yakati, asi zvichiri nenjodzi dzakati dzechepfu. Miganho inoiswa zvichibva paADI uye inowanzoda kutariswa zvakanyanya.

3. Kirasi 3: Zvinonyungudutsa zvine chepfu shoma

Izvi zvinosanganisira ethanol, propanol, ethyl acetate, nezvimwewo, izvo zvine chepfu shoma kuvanhu uye zvinowanzoonekwa sezvisina njodzi kumishonga inosvika 50 mg pazuva.

Kuti tinyatsoona mhando uye zviri mukati mezvinyungudutswa izvi, gas chromatography (GC) ndiyo nzira inonyanya kushandiswa pakuongorora, ine mabhenefiti akakosha ekuva nepfungwa dzakanyanya, kushanda zvakanaka kwekuparadzanisa, uye kushanda kune zvinokanganisa mhepo, izvo zvinogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekuongorora zvinyungudutswa zvinosara kuti zvionekwe.

Pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzekushandisa chromatography yemamiriro ekunze, tekinoroji yekuisa headspace inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuona zvinonyungudutsa zvakasara mumishonga. Tekinoroji iyi kuburikidza nerudo rwemuenzaniso iwoyo wakavharwa mubhodhoro reheadspace, uchidziiswa kusvika patembiricha yakakodzera, ndiyo solvent iri musampuli inoputika ichipinda munzvimbo yegesi yebhodhoro, uye kubva munzvimbo iyoyo kunoburitsa huwandu hwakati hwegasi hwakakweretwa muGC kuti huongororwe.

Zvakanakira zvekudyisa ganda zvine musoro zvinosanganisira:

• Kurapwa kwemuenzaniso kwakaderedzwa: hapana mabasa akaomarara ekuburitsa solvent kana kusanganisa mvura anodiwa uye sampuro dzinogona kudziiswa zvakananga mukamuri rakavharwa;
• Kuvandudzwa kwekuberekazve uye kugadzikana: nekunyatso dzora tembiricha yekupisa nenguva, kushanduka kwemuenzaniso kunoenderana zvakanyanya, zvichideredza zvikanganiso zvekushanda;
• Kudzivirira kusvibiswa kana kukuvara kwembiru: chikamu chegasi chete ndicho chinoiswa mu chromatography system, izvo zvinoderedza zvakanyanya kupindira kwezvikamu zvisingachinjiki nekoramu uye detector.
• Yakakodzera kuongororwa otomatiki: sisitimu yekuisa headspace inogona kubatanidzwa zvakanaka ne autosampler, yakakodzera kuona mafambiro emagetsi akawanda.

Zvisinei, mudziyo wemuenzaniso wakasimba uye wakavimbika, mabhodhoro emusoro, unokosha pakuongorora kwemusoro kwakanaka uye kwakarurama, uko kunongodzora maitiro ekuputika uye kuvharwa kwemuenzaniso chete, asiwo kunokanganisa zvakananga mhedzisiro yekuongorora kwekupedzisira.

Tsanangudzo uye Mhedzisiro yeMavharo eHeadspace

Munzira yekutora sampuli yemusoro, kupisa nekuputika kwemuenzaniso uye nzira yekuwana nzvimbo yegesi zvese zvinoitika mumabhodhoro emusoro akadai semidziyo isingapindi mhepo, kunyangwe zvichiita sezviri nyore, asi dhizaini nekushanda kwemabhodhoro emusoro zvine simba guru pakuvimbika kwemaitiro ese ekuongorora.
Mabhodhoro emusoro imhando yemavhoriyamu akagadzirirwa kuisirwa musoro mugasi chromatography. Magadzirirwo awo akajairika ane zvikamu zvinotevera:

Bhodhoro: inowanzogadzirwa negirazi rine borosilicate yakawanda, rinodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya uye makemikari asina kumira zvakanaka, rinowanikwa mu10ml, 20ml, kana mavhoriyamu makuru;

Kuvhura bhodhoro/shinda: kuvhura kwakajairika kwe20mm, kwakakodzera macaps earuminiyamu uye masisitimu ekuongorora otomatiki;

Chivharo: inowanzo dzvanywa kubva pazvinhu zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa kuti bhodhoro rirambe rakabatirira;

Gasket: kune PTFE uye silicone composite material structure, ine simba rakanaka rekudzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya uye kusagadzikana kwemakemikari, inogona kutsungirira kutorwa kwemasampuli kakawanda pasina kubuda kwemvura.

Basa guru rebhodhoro remusoro nderekupa nzvimbo yakavharwa, isina chinhu uye inodzorwa, imhasuru dzinoshanduka-shanduka mumuenzaniso pasi pemamiriro ekupisa inzira iyo bhodhoro riri pamusoro penzvimbo yegesi, kuumbwa kwegasi rinoenzana rinomiririra huwandu hwe solvent mumuenzaniso wekutanga.

Kunyanya, basa rayo rinoratidzwa muzvinhu zvinotevera:

Vimbiso yekuisa chisimbiso: kuvharwa zvakanaka kuti sampuli iri mukudziyisa kana kuzorora isagare ichikonzerwa nekubuda kwemvura uye kurasikirwa kwe solvent;

Dziviriro yezvinhu zvisina simba: girazi repamusoro-soro uye zvinhu zvegasket zvinodzivirira kusangana nemuenzaniso kana solvent, zvichidzivirira kuunzwa kwenhema kana kukanganiswa kwechiratidzo;

Mamiriro ehuwandu hwenguva dzose: mabhodhoro akajairwa anobatsira pakugadzikana kwemusoro uye kuberekana, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuverenga nekuenzanisa mhedzisiro yekuongorora.

Mavharo emusoro ane ruvengo rwekusafara anoshandiswa pakushandisa headspace sampler otomatiki. Mafambiro ebasa anowanzo kuve seanotevera:

1. Mhinduro yemuenzaniso inowedzerwa mubhodhoro remusoro wobva wavharwa;
2. Autosampler inoisa chirongo mumodule yekupisa inodziya yethermostatic;
3. Muenzaniso wacho unodziiswa mubhodhoro kusvika patembiricha yakatarwa uye zvikamu zvinoshanduka-shanduka zvinopinda munzvimbo yemusoro;
4. Tsono yejekiseni inobaya gasket uye inodhonza huwandu hwegasi kubva panzvimbo yemusoro;
5. Gasi rinoiswa mugasi chromatograph kuti rionekwe uye rionekwe nealamu.

Mukuita uku, kugadzikana kwechimiro, kushanda kwegasket point, uye kuvharwa kwema headspace vials zvine chekuita zvakananga nekuenderana kwesampuli uye kururama kwemuenzaniso. Kunyanya, kushandiswa kwema headspace vials akajairwa uye akavimbika mumabasa e otomatiki kwakakosha pakuona kuti maitiro ekuongorora anofamba zvakanaka uye anoderedza mwero wekukundikana.

Sei Mabhodhoro eHeadspace Achikosha?

Kunyangwe gas chromatograph uye detector zviri izvo zvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha mukuongorora residual solvent, basa re headspace vial rakakoshawo. Semutakuri we analytes kubva pakurapa kwemuenzaniso kusvika pakuisa jekiseni, mashandiro aro ane chekuita nekugadzikana kwehurongwa hwese hwekuongorora uye kuvimbika kwedata.

1. Muenzaniso wekuvimbika uye kutonga kwekushanduka-shanduka

Zvinonyungudutsa zvakasara zvinonyanya kufashaira zvishoma, organic volatile compounds izvo zvinogona kurasika zvakanyanya panguva yekuiswa, kudziyisa kana kuchengetwa. Kana mavharo eheadspace akasachengetwa akavharwa zvakasimba mukati menguva yese yekuongorora, huwandu hwezvinonyungudutsa hunogona kuchinja, zvichikonzera mhedzisiro yakarerekera.

Mabhodhoro epamusoro-soro anogona kupiswa kusvika pamusoro pe100-150°C kana akavharwa, zvichiita kuti zvinhu zvinoshanduka-shanduka zviburitswe uye zviongororwe chete mumamiriro ezvinhu akatarwa;

Kudzora kwakarurama kwemuenzaniso kuti usvike pakuenzana kwegasi-mvura pakupisa kwakafanana uye huwandu hwemvura kunowedzera kururama uye kugona kudzokororwa kwemhedzisiro.

2. Kupesvedzera kwekushanda kwekuvhara pamhedzisiro yekuongorora

Sisitimu yekuvhara chivharo cheHeadspace inowanzo kuve nezvikamu zvitatu: chivharo, gasket uye muromo. Kuvhara kusina kunaka pane imwe nzvimbo kunogona kukonzera kubuda kwesampuro, ruzha rwakakwira rwekumashure, kana kutosvibisa sampuro.

Magasket ePTFE/silicone emhando yepamusoro haangogumiri pakupisa kwakanyanya uye makemikari chete, asiwo anogona kutsungirira kupwanywa kakawanda uye kuchengetedza chisimbiso chakanaka;

Gasket yemhando yepamusoro kana gland yakasununguka inogona kukonzera kuti solvent ibude isati yaongororwa kana panguva yekupisa, zvichikanganisa zvakananga nzvimbo yepamusoro uye zvichideredza kururama kwehuwandu.

3. Kuenderana nehurongwa hwe autosampling

Majekiseni emusoro anoshandiswa otomatiki anowanzo shandiswa mumarabhoritari emazuva ano kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka uye kuenderana kwemhedzisiro, uye dhizaini yakajairika yeHeadspace vial inobvumira kuti igadziriswe zvakananga kune mhando huru dzemajekiseni ekuisa jekiseni.

Zviyero zvakajairwa zvinoita kuti mabhodhoro aonekwe otomatiki, anyatsoiswa panzvimbo yawo uye aboorwa mujekiseni;

Kuderedza zvikanganiso zvemaoko kunovandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzirisa sampuro uye kuenderana kwedata, zvichiita kuti chivharo cheHeadspace chive chakakodzera mamiriro ekuyedza ane huwandu hwakawanda hwe data.

4. Kusashanda zvakanaka kwezvinhu zvemakemikari

Makemikoro emabhodhoro nezvinhu zvinovhara haafaniri kuregeredzwa pakuongorora zvinonyungudutsa zvishoma. Zvinhu zvisina kunaka zvinogona kunyungudutsa kana kuita zvinoenderana nemamorekuru anonyungudutsa, zvichikonzera mhedzisiro yakarerekera.

Girazi reBorosilicate harina makemikari uye rinogara kwenguva refu, richidzivirira kunyungudika kwezvinonyungudutsa kana kuora kwekupisa;

Kune mamwe masisitimu e solvent akakosha, magasket akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakakosha anodiwa kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti anonyatsoonekwa uye kuti muenzaniso wacho wagadzikana.

Chirongo cheHeadspace hachisi chinhu chinongova mudziyo wemuenzaniso chete, asi chinhu chakakosha pakuona kuti mhedzisiro yekuongorora kwezvinwiwa zvinosara ndeyechokwadi, inoenderana uye inodzokororwa. Chine mabasa akawanda akakosha muchikamu chose chekuongorora, akadai sekudzivirira kuvhara, kudzora kuputika, kufananidza masisitimu, vimbiso yekusashanda kwemakemikari, nezvimwewo. Ndechimwe chezvinhu zvisingatsiviwe kuti zviongororwe mishonga yemhando yepamusoro.

Zvinhu Zvikuru Pakusarudza Chirongo Chakakodzera Chemusoro

Mukuongorora zvinosara zve solvent, kusarudzwa kwe headspace vial yakakodzera chinhu chinodiwa kuti pave nechokwadi chekuti data rakarurama uye kuti nzira yacho inowirirana sei. Zvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvekuyedza, mhando dzemuenzaniso uye mapuratifomu ezvishandiso zvine zvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvemidziyo ye headspace vial, chimiro uye mashandiro. Zvinhu zvinotevera zvakakosha zvinofanirwa kutariswa pakusarudza headspace vial:

1. Zvinhu: girazi rudzi uye pachena

• Girazi reborosilicate rekirasi yekutanga: chinhu chinodiwa pakuongorora solvent yasara. Kudzivirira kwayo kupisa nemakemikari zvakanaka uye kuwanda kwayo kwemaion akawandisa kunodzivirira makemikari pakati pesolvent nebhodhoro, zvichidzivirira manyepo enhema kana kupindira kwechiratidzo.
• Kujeka kwakanyanya kwebhodhoro: inobvumira kuona nekukurumidza mamiriro emuenzaniso panguva yekukwira kwemvura, kuongorora kana kutarisa mhando, zvakaita sekuvapo kwemvura inonaya, huwandu chaihwo hwemvura, nezvimwewo, pamwe nekuzivikanwa zviri nyore nehurongwa hwemagetsi.

2. Sarudzo yevhoriyamu: zvirevo zvinowanzoshandiswa 10ml, 20ml

Kusarudzwa kwemuchina wekushandisa Headspace vial kunofanirwa kuenderana nezvinhu zvinotevera:

• Vhoriyamu yemuenzaniso: Kazhinji huwandu hwemuenzaniso hunenge 50% yehuwandu hwebhodhoro kuitira kuti pave nenzvimbo yakakwana yemusoro (nzvimbo yegesi) yekuenzana kwekushanduka kwemhepo;
• Zvinodiwa paNzira yeKuongororaSemuenzaniso, nzira yeUSP <467> residual solvent inokurudzira kushandiswa kwebhodhoro rine 20 ml headspace;
• Kuenderana kweAutosampler: simbisa kuti bhodhoro rakasarudzwa rinotsigira modhi yechishandiso chakashandiswa, kunyanya bhodhoro riri pamusoro peburi.

3. Rudzi rwegasket rekufukidza: kuvhara uye kukodzera kwemakemikari

Zvinhu zvegasket: Gasket inonyanya kushandiswa ndeye PTFE composite, chimiro chayo chine mativi maviri chinosanganisa makemikari asina simba ePTFE nekusimba kwesilicone sealing, inogona kutsungirira kupwanywa kwekupisa kwakanyanya uye kuchengetedza kuvharwa kwakanaka; kune solvents yakasimba inoparadza kana inotyisa, unogona kusarudza gasket yakasimbiswa yePTFE layer ine purity.

Mhando dzezvivharo zvebhodhoro: Zvivharo zvearuminiyamu zvakakodzera zvishandiso zvakawanda, zvine gland rakamanikana uye zvinovhara zvakanaka; Zvivharo zvemagineti zvakakodzera masisitimu ekuongorora otomatiki ane magnetic identification, izvo zvinobatsira kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekudya uye kurongeka kwenzvimbo; Zvivharo zvine shinda, kunyangwe zviri nyore kushandisa nemaoko, zvinogona kusavhara zvakanaka mhando dzegland uye zvakakodzera zvakanyanya padanho rekukura kana mamiriro asina kukwira zvakanyanya.

4. Kugona kushandiswazve uye kukoshesa mari

Mabhodhoro egirazi anogona kushandiswazve (anoda kucheneswa uye kucheneswa pakupisa kwakanyanya) akakodzera dzimwe nzira dzisiri dzemishonga kana zvidzidzo zvekuvandudza uye anogona kuderedza mitengo yenguva refu;

Zvisinei, pakugadzira GMP kana marabhoritari ekudzora mhando, mabhodhoro anoshandiswa kamwe chete anobatsira pakuona kuchena uye kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwakasiyana;

Pakutenga muzvikamu, zvakakoshawo kuyera mhando yezvigadzirwa, kuenderana kwezvigadzirwa, uye mutengo kuti usarudze mutengesi anopa chiyero chekushanda nemutengo.

Kusarudza zvine musoro chivharo chemusoro hakusi kungoshanda chete, asiwo kuratidza kuziva kwekudzora mhando. Kusarudzwa kwese kwema parameter kunoita sekudiki kunoita basa rakakosha mukururama kwemhedzisiro, kugadzikana kwehurongwa uye kushanda zvakanaka murabhoritari. Saka, kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezvinhu izvi zvakakosha kugona kwehunyanzvi kune tekiniki wese anoshanda mukuongorora mishonga.

Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa uye Zvinyorwa

Kunyangwe mabhodhoro emusoro achishandiswa zvakanyanya mukuongorora zvinonyungudutsa zvakasara, matambudziko akawanda anogona kumuka nekuda kwekubata zvisina kunaka kana kusarudza zvinodyiwa. Aya ndiwo matambudziko akajairika uye mazano ekudzivirira:

1. Maitiro ekudzivirira kusvibiswa kwemuenzaniso

Kusvibiswa kwemasero hakungokanganisi kururama kwemhedzisiro yekuongorora chete, asi kunogonawo kukonzera kukanganiswa kwenguva refu kwehurongwa hwekuona, kunyanya panjodzi huru pakuongorora mazinga akaderera. Matanho anotevera anogona kudzivirira dambudziko iri zvinobudirira:

• Koshesa kushandiswa kwemabhodhoro emvura anoraswa uye mapedhi ekudzivirira anoraswa: iyi ndiyo nzira yakatwasuka uye inoshanda zvakanyanya, kunyanya mukudzora mhando yemishonga uye kuyedzwa kwemitemo;
• Tsiva kana kuchenesa zvakakwana mabhodhoro akashandiswazve: kana zvichidikanwa kuti zvishandiswezve, iva nechokwadi chekuti zvacheneswa zvakakwana uchishandisa matanho akadai semvura yakabviswa maion, zvinonyungudutsa, uye kuomesa zvakanyanya;
• Maitiro ekugovera zvinhu zvakasimba: shandisa maturusi ekugadzira mapaipi akasarudzika kudzivirira kuti sampuro isadonhe pabhodhoro kana kuti pedyo naro;
• Chenesa magurovhosi ezvishandiso nemagirovhosi: pakubata zvinonyungudutsa zvinoputika, magirovhosi anofanira kuchinjwa nguva nenguva kudzivirira kupararira kwehutachiona kuburikidza nekubata.

2. Kubuda kwevharo panguva yekupisa

Mukuongorora nzvimbo yemusoro, sampuro inofanira kupiswa kusvika 80-120°C kana kupfuura. Kana zvivharo kana magaskets asina kuvharwa zvakanaka, zvinonyungudutsa zvinogona kubuda panguva yekudziisa, zvichikonzera kuchinja-chinja kwedata kana mhedzisiro yakaderera.

• Sarudza magasket emhando yepamusoro: dzinofanira kunge dziine simba rakanaka rekudzivirira kupisa uye dzinoita kuti dzisaboore kuti chisimbiso chisasununguke;
• Simba rekuvhara rakarurama: chivharo chemaoko kana otomatiki chinofanira kunge chiri pakati nepakati, chakasununguka zvikuru chinogona kudonhedza mvura, chakasimba zvikuru chinogona kuparadza gasket kana kukonzera kuti bhodhoro ritsemuke;
• Kuongororwa nguva dzose kwetsono yehurongwa hwekudyisa: tsono yakasakara kana yakakanganisika inogona kudzivirira gasket kuti isazvivhare, zvichikonzera kubuda kwemvura;
• Kugadzika tembiricha zvine mwero: haifanirwe kudarika muganho wepamusoro wekudzivirira kupisa kwegasket kana chivharo, kazhinji inodzorwa munzvimbo dziri pakati pe110-130 ℃ yakachengeteka.

3. Mazano ekuchenesa nekuchengetedza chivharo

Pakushandisazve mabhodhoro ewaini izvo zvingave zvichibatanidzwa muchikamu chekudzora mari kana kugadzira nzira, kutarisisa kwakanyanya kunofanirwa kupihwa kune nzira dzekuchenesa nekuchengetedza kuti pasave netsvina kana zvinonyungudutsa zvasara:

• Matanho ekuchenesa anokurudzirwa: sukurudza kakawanda nemvura yakabviswa ma ion; sukurudza ne organic solvents yakakodzera; kuchenesa ne ultrasonic zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekusvibiswa; kuomesa tembiricha yepamusoro pa 105℃ -120℃ kuve nechokwadi chekuti hapana hunyoro kana solvent yasara.
• Mazano ekuchengetedza: kuchengetwa kwakachena, kwakaoma uye kwakavharwa, kudzivirira guruva, zvinhu zvinoputika kuti zvisasvibiswe zvakare; usati washandisa kana zvikachengetwa kwenguva yakareba, zvinokurudzirwa kuti uongororezve wochenesa zvakare; kudzivirira kusviba kwezuva kwenguva refu kana kupisa kwakanyanya, kudzivirira kuora kwekukwegura kwegirazi kana gasket.

Nekuziva ruzivo urwu rwakakosha rwekushanda, haugone kungovandudza kururama uye kudzokorora kwebvunzo chete, asiwo kuwedzera hupenyu hwebasa remuchina uye kuderedza mwero wekukundikana. Kune zvinhu zvekuongorora zvakaita sezvinyungudutsi zvakasara, izvo zvinonzwa zvakanyanya kusiyanisa kwekutevera, manejimendi yakadzama yekubatanidza kwega kwega kwekushanda haifanirwe kuregeredzwa.

Mhedziso

Munzvimbo yakanyatsorongeka uye yakanyatsorongeka yekuongorora zvinonyungudutsa zvemishonga, chirongo chemusoro, kunyangwe chiri chidiki, chinoita basa rinokosha uye rinokosha. Kubva pakuchengetwa, kuvharwa uye kudziyiswa kwemuenzaniso, kusvika pakuwirirana nehurongwa hwe autosampling, ndiyo nzira yekutanga yekudzivirira muketani yese yekuongorora kuti data racho rive rechokwadi.

Mabhodhoro emhando yepamusoro haangochengetedze chete kusimba kwemuenzaniso, anodzivirira kurasikirwa nekuputika, uye anovandudza kugadzikana kwejekiseni, asiwo ndiwo hwaro hunodiwa hwekuona zvinhu zviri nyore uye zvinonzwisisika mukuongorora otomatiki. Kunyanya kana tichitarisa kuongorora kwehuwandu hwetrace level kunodiwa nezvinodiwa ne pharmacopoeia, kapu diki, zvinhu zvisina kunaka, kana kunyange kuzadza sampuro zvisina musoro zvichakanganisa zvakanyanya mhedzisiro yekuongorora.

Sezvo kugadzirwa kwemishonga nekudzora mhando zvichiramba zvichiwedzera mwero wekushandiswa kwezvishandiso otomatiki uye kugona kuona, mwero wemhando yemabhodhoro emusoro uri kusimudzirwawo. Kubva pakuchena kwezvinhu, kuenderana kwezita kusvika pakuenderana nehurongwa, mabhodhoro emusoro emangwana haafanire kungove akagadzikana uye akavimbika chete, asiwo kuita basa re "standardized interface" murabhoritari yekuronga, zvichibatsira kuteverwa kwedata, kunyorwazve kwenzira uye kuvandudzwa kwehunhu.