Nhanganyaya

Nekusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera kuva dambudziko guru, kuyedzwa kwemhando yemvura kwave chinhu chakakosha pakuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda, kuchengetedzwa kwehutano hweveruzhinji uye mitemo yeindasitiri. Ingave kuyedzwa kwemvura yekunwa, kutarisa kuburitswa kwemvura yakasviba mumaindasitiri, kana kuongororwa kwenharaunda yenzizi nemadhamu, data rekuongorora hunhu hwemvura rakarurama ndiro hwaro hwekuita sarudzo dzesainzi uye manejimendi ekutevedzera mitemo.

Sedanho rekutanga mukuyedza hunhu hwemvura, kururama kwekuunganidzwa kwesampuro kwakabatana zvakananga nekuvimbika kwemaitiro ese ekuyedza.Mabhodhoro ekuongorora mvura eEPA, sezvo midziyo yekutakura masampuli, kunyangwe iri midiki uye iri nyore kutaridzika, ndiyo chinhu chakakosha kuona kuti masampuli haana kusvibiswa, haaite chimwe chinhu, uye akachengetedzwa zvakanaka.Kana sarudzo yacho isina kukodzera, hazvizongokonzere kukanganiswa kwedata rekuyedza chete, uye zvinogona kutokonzera kudzokorora kutorwa kwesampuli, kunonoka kufambira mberi kwebasa uye kuwedzera mitengo.

Tsanangudzo uye Kurongwa kweMabhodhoro eEPA eKuongorora Mvura

Mabhodhoro ekuongorora mvura eEPA imidziyo yekuongorora mvura yakasarudzika inosangana nezvinodiwa zveEPA zvekutora sampuli uye kuongorora uye inonyanya kushandiswa kuunganidza nekuchengetedza sampuro dzemvura kuti dziongororwe murabhoritari. Mabhodhoro aya akagadzirwa zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvakasiyana zvekuyedza, zvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza, uye hunhu hwezvinhu kuti zvideredze kusvibiswa, kuora, kana shanduko dzemusanganiswa panguva yekufambisa nekuchengetedza, uye kuve nechokwadi chekuti mhedzisiro yekuongorora ndeyechokwadi uye inogona kudzokororwa.

Zvichienderana nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye mabasa azvo, mabhodhoro ekuongorora mvura eEPA akakamurwa zvikuru muzvikamu zvinotevera:

1. Mabhodhoro egirazi

• Inowanzo shandiswa kuunganidza tsvina yemuchadenga nekuti haina simba, hainyungudi zvinhu zviri nyore, uye inogona kutsungirira kupisa kwakanyanya. Inowanzo shongedzwa nema screw caps uye PTFE/silicone gaskets kuti iwedzere kuvharwa uye kugadzikana kwemakemikari.

2. Mabhodhoro ePolyethylene

• Kusanganisira polyethylene ine huwandu hwakanyanya uye polyethylene ine huwandu hwakaderera, inowanzoshandiswa pakutora mazinga mashanu ezvinosvibisa zvakaita sesimbi, munyu wezvinovaka muviri, anion uye cations. Mabhodhoro aya haakuvadzi kukuvadzwa uye akareruka, zvichiita kuti akwanise kutakurwa panzvimbo yacho uye kushandiswa zvakanyanya.

3. Mabhodhoro eAmber

• Ine basa rakanaka rekuisa mumvuri uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakuongorora zvinhu zvinonzwa chiedza, izvo zvinogona kudzivirira zvinobudirira makemikari anokonzerwa neUV kana kuora.

4. Mabhodhoro akaputirwa neTeflon

• Yakakodzera kuongororwa kwakanyatsojeka, kwemazinga ekutevedzana, sekuunganidzwa kwesimbi dzinorema kana masampuli ane ngura zvakanyanya. PTFE ine simba rakanaka rekudzivirira makemikari uye kusashanda zvakanaka, uye haizosangani nechero chinhu, asi inodhura zvishoma.

Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chiri mumabhodhoro ekuongorora mvura eEPA chine huwandu hwacho hwekushandiswa, sarudzo yacho inofanira kunge yakavakirwa pamhando yezvinhu zvekuyedza, hunhu hwemuviri uye hwemakemikari hwechinhu chaunoda, pamwe nekurapwa usati watanga kuti chienderane nemhando yakakodzera yebhodhoro nemamiriro ekurapwa usati watanga. Kana mudziyo wacho usina kusarudzwa nemazvo, unogona kukanganisa data rekuyedza, kana kutungamira kumarara emuenzaniso kana kutoda kuunganidzwazve, zvichikanganisa maitiro ese epurojekiti.

Zvinhu Zvikuru Pakusarudza Mabhodhoro Ekuongorora Mvura eEPA

Mukuongorora hunhu hwemvura, kusarudza mabhodhoro eEPA ekuongorora mvura kwakakosha pakuona kuti mhinduro dzacho ndedzechokwadi.

1. Rudzi rwechinhu chekuyedza

Zvinhu zvakasiyana zvekuyedza zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvekutora sampuli, saka danho rekutanga pakusarudza mabhodhoro ekuongorora mvura eEPA nderekutsanangura zvinhu zvekuyedza:

• Kuonekwa kwezvinosvibisa zve organic: zvakaita semakemikari anoshanduka kuita organic, makemikari anoshanduka kuita organic, nezvimwewo, zvinofanira kushandisa mabhodhoro egirazi. Girazi rinodzivirira zvinobudirira kunyungudika uye kushanduka kwezvinhu zvipenyu, uye kazhinji zvinodikanwa kuisa acid pakutanga kudzivirira kushanda kwehutachiona uye kudzivirira kuora kwechinangwa.
• Kuonekwa kwesimbi ine simba: zvakaita se lead, mercury, cadmium nezvimwe zvinhu zvesimbi, zvinofanirwa kushandisa mabhodhoro e polyethylene ane density yakakura, nekuti haapindiri simbi kumashure, hazvisi nyore kunyudza ma ions esimbi, uye zvine kugadzikana kwakanaka kwemakemikari.
• Kuongororwa kwezvipenyu: zvakaita semabhakitiriya ecoliform, huwandu hwemakoroni ese, nezvimwewo, vanofanirwa kushandisa mabhodhoro epurasitiki asina utachiona, anoraswa, kazhinji PET kana polypropylene, kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti sampuro hadzina kusvibiswa vasati vatakurwa.

2. Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu

Hunhu hwezvinhu zvakasiyana hune hunhu hwahwo uye hunokanganisa data rekuyedza zvakasiyana:

• Mabhodhoro egirazi: haipindi tembiricha yakanyanya, haina makemikari, haisi nyore kuita zvinhu zve organic, yakagadziriswa kuongororwa kwe organic. Zvisinei, huremu hwacho hwakakura, huri nyore kupwanya, kutakurwa kunofanirwa kungwarira.
• Mabhodhoro epurasitiki (polyethylene, polypropylene, nezvimwewo): yakareruka, haisi nyore kupwanya, yakakodzera kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvisina organic. Zvisinei, mamwe mapurasitiki anogona kunyudza zvinhu zvinosvibisa organic kana kuburitsa tsvina yemashure, isingakodzeri kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvisina organic.

3. Kana kugadziriswa kwekutanga kuchidikanwa

Mabhodhoro ekuongorora mvura eEPA anowanzo fanirwa kuzadzwa nemishonga yekuchengetedza kana mishonga kuti sampuli irambe yakasimba:

• Zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya zvinosanganisira HCI, HNO₃, uye NaOH.
• Kurapwa panzvimbo yekutanga: kunogona kuderedza shanduko, asi kunoda kushanda kwakarongeka uye mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu panzvimbo.
• Kurapwa kwemurabhoritari: kushanda kwakanyatsojeka, asi kunoda mamiriro ekuchengetedza emuenzaniso akakwira uye kunogona kuunza shanduko panguva yekufambisa.

4. Ruvara rwebhodhoro

• Bhodhoro rebrown: Inoshandiswa pakutora sampuli yezvinhu zvinonzwa chiedza, zvakaita semimwe mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, tsvina yeorganic, nezvimwewo. Inogona kudzivirira mwaranzi ye ultraviolet uye kunonoka kuora kwesampuli.
• Bhodhoro rinoonekera: yakakodzera mapurojekiti asinganzwi chiedza, iri nyore kuona ruvara rwemasampuli emvura, kusviba kwemvura nezvimwe zvinhu, asi haikurudzirwi pakuona makemikari anonzwa chiedza.

5. Kusarudzwa kwevhoriyamu

• Zvinofanira kunge zvichienderana nenzira yekuyedza. Zvinodiwa murabhoritari uye hurongwa hwepurojekiti yekusarudza huwandu hwebhodhoro. Zvinodiwa zvakajairika ndeizvi: 40ml, 125ml, 500ml, nezvimwewo.
• Mamwe mapurojekiti anoda kuti pave nenzvimbo yakati wandei ye "air head space" kuitira kuwedzera ma reagents kana kudzivirira kuoma nechando nekukura; nepo mamwe mapurojekiti achida kuti pasave nenzvimbo yasara uye bhodhoro rizadzwe kusvika pakuzara.

EPA Standards uye Zvinodiwa Zvemutemo

Mukuyedzwa kwemhando yemvura, midziyo yekuyedza haingori chikamu chekushanda kwekuyedza chete, asiwo chikamu chakakosha chekudzora kwakasimba kwemitemo yekutonga, EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) munzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuyedza mumabhodhoro ekuongorora mvura kuti iite zvinhu zvakajeka zverudzi rwekuongorora mvura, zvinhu, uye kubata kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti data rekuongorora resainzi, kururama uye kutevedzera mutemo zvinoteverwa.

1. Mitemo yekutarisa hunhu hwemvura yeEPA uye zvinodiwa zvemabhodhoro ekutora sampuro

Pazasi pane nzira dzinoverengeka dzekuyedza dzeEPA uye zvinodiwa zvavo pakushandisa mabhodhoro ekutora sampuli:

• EPA 524.2 (kuyedzwa kweVOC): inoda kushandiswa kwemabhodhoro egirazi asina chinhu ane 40 ml ane PTFE/silicone sealing gaskets, pamwe nehydrochloric acid inowedzerwa mubhodhoro sechinochengetedza. Bhodhoro rinofanira kuzadzwa kusvika pamusoro pasina mabubble emhepo kana mavoid kudzivirira maVOC kuti asabude.
• EPA 200.8 (ICP-MS yekuona zvinhu zvesimbi): Zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa mabhodhoro epurasitiki eHDPE, mabhodhoro anofanira kuwedzerwa mu nitric acid pre-acidification kudzivirira kunyungudika kwesimbi.
• EPA 300 series (kuongorora kweion chromatography yeanions nemacations): mabhodhoro epolypropylene kana epolyethylene anogona kushandiswa pasina kuwedzera acid, mabhodhoro anofanirwa kunge akachena uye asina maion anopindira akakodzera.
• EPA 1600 series (kuyedzwa kwe microbiological): inoda mabhodhoro epurasitiki asina utachiona, anoraswa, anowanzo shandiswa pakugadzira ma coliforms ese, enterococci nezvimwe zviratidzo, bhodhoro rinogona kuwedzerwa kuhuwandu hwakakodzera hwe sodium thiosulfate kuti ibvise chlorine residues.

Mwero wega wega une mitemo yakasimba pamusoro perudzi rwebhodhoro, huwandu, tembiricha yekuchengetedza uye nguva yekuchengetedza, uye kusateerera chero ruzivo urwu kunogona kukonzera data risingashande.

2. Zvinodiwa murabhoritari pakubvumidzwa kwemidziyo yekutora sampuli

Muchokwadi, marabhoritari mazhinji echitatu anoda mvumo yehunyanzvi, senge:

• Musangano weNational Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference (NELAC): inoda pachena kuti midziyo yekutora sampuli, maitiro ekutora sampuli, uye nzira dzekuchengetedza zvienderane neEPA kana mwero wenyika, uye kuti cheni yakazara yesampuli inyorwe.
• ISO/IEC 17025 (Zvinodiwa Zvakajairika zveKukwanisa kweKuedza neKugadzirisa MaLabhoratori): inosimbisa kutevedzana, manejimendi yakajairwa yemidziyo yekutora sampuro uye zvinyorwa zvekushandiswa kwayo, uye kugadzwa kweSOPs (Standard Operating Procedures) yekusarudza, kuchenesa uye kuchengetera midziyo.

MaLabhoratori akapasa zvitupa izvi anofanirwa kuve nehurongwa hwakasimba hwekutarisira kuunganidzwa kwesampuli, uye kusarudzwa nekushandiswa kwemabhodhoro esampuli kunofanirwa kunyorwa kuti zviongororwe mukati kana kunze.

3. Zvinoreva kushanda kwemabasa ekutevedzera mitemo

Kusarudza mabhodhoro emvura akakodzera eEPA ekuongororwa kwemvura nekutevedzera mitemo hakusi kwekungosangana nezvinodiwa murabhoritari kana purogiramu chete, asiwo kune chekuita zvakananga nezvinotevera:

• Iva nechokwadi chekuti data rekuyedza rakavimbika uye resainzi: nzira dzekushandisa sampuli nekuchengetedza dzinotevedzera pamutemo ndidzo hwaro hwekutarisa data kuti rizivikanwe nemadhipatimendi ehurumende, matare kana sangano.
• Kupasa ongororo dzemapurojekiti uye kuongororwa kwemhando yepamusoro: Kunyanya mukuita kwekuongorora kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, mvumo yekuburitsa utsi, kugamuchirwa kwezvakatipoteredza, nezvimwewo, kushandiswa kwakajairika kwemabhodhoro ekutora sampuro kunogona kudzivirira kudzoserwa kana kuongororwazve nekuda kwekusatevedzera mitemo.
• Dzivisa marara emuenzaniso uye njodzi yekuunganidzwazve: Kana sampuro yaonekwa kuti haina kushanda, inofanira kutorwazve, izvo zvisingangononotsiri kufambira mberi chete, asi zvinowedzerawo mutengo wevashandi, zvinhu uye zvekufambisa.

Kungwarira muKushanda kweDhizaini

Kunyangwe kana mabhodhoro eEPA ekuongorora mvura akasarudzwa anoenderana nezvinodiwa neEPA, kubata zvisina kunaka panguva yekutora sampuli, kuchengetwa, uye kutakurwa kunogona kukonzera kusvibiswa kwemuenzaniso, kuora, kana kusashanda kwedata. Saka, zvakakosha kunyatsoteerera zvese kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti sampuli yacho yakarurama uye kuti mhinduro dzebvunzo dzacho dzakashanda zvakanaka.

1. Kutarisa chisimbiso chevharo

Kuvharwa kwemabhodhoro ekuongorora mvura eEPA kune chekuita zvakananga nekuti sampuro ichaputika, kudonhedza mvura, kana kuita sei nekunwa hunyoro panguva yekushanda kwayo:

• Usati watora sampuli, chivharo chinofanira kutariswa kuti chivharo chacho chinonyatsoenderana nemuromo webhodhoro here, uye kana paine kuchinja, kutyoka kana kukwegura.
• Kuti zvionekwe kuti pane zvinhu zvinoputika zve organic nezvimwe zvinhu zvinonzwa zvakanyanya, zvakakosha kushandisa chivharo chekuvhara chine threaded chine PTFE/silicone gasket, wochisimbisa wobva waongorora kuti hapana kubuda kwemvura.
• Chivharo chinofanira kusimbiswa nekukurumidza mushure mekunge kutora sampuli kwapera kudzivirira kupararira kwenguva refu.

2. Nzira dzekudzivirira kusvibiswa

Chero basa ripi zvaro risina kuchena rinogona kukonzera kukanganiswa kwemashure kunogona kukanganisa huwandu hwemashure emuenzaniso, kunyanya zvakakosha pakuongorora maronda kana kuona hutachiona:

• Shandisa magirovhosi anoraswa pakuunganidza kwega kwega kwemuenzaniso uye tsiva bhodhoro usati watamba kudzivirira kusvibiswa.
• Shandisai zvishandiso zvemhando yepamusoro zvekutora sampuli (semuenzaniso, tambo dzekutora sampuli, pombi dzekutora sampuli, nezvimwewo) mozvichenesa kana kuzvitsiva zvakanaka pakati penzvimbo dzekutora sampuli.
• Kune mienzaniso inoda kurapwa panzvimbo yacho, shandisai mapipettes akachena kana mabhodhoro akazadzwa kare nemishonga yekuchengetedza kuti musapinda mumhepo kwenguva refu.

3. Zvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza nekufambisa mienzaniso

Mienzaniso yemvura inogona kuchinja, kuora kana kukundikana kana ikasachengetwa kana kutakurwa zvakanaka panguva yekutorwa kusvika panguva yekuongorora kwekuyedza:

• Kupisa kwekuchengetedza: Mabhodhoro mazhinji eEPA ekuongorora mvura anofanira kuchengetwa mufiriji pa4℃, uye anowanzo takurirwa mubhokisi refiriji kana mubhokisi rechando; mienzaniso ye microbiological inofanira kudzorwa zvakanyanya uye kuongororwa mukati memaawa matanhatu.
• Nguva yekuchengetedza: Zvinhu zvakasiyana zvine nguva dzakasiyana dzekuchengetedza, semuenzaniso mazuva gumi nemana eVOCs, maawa makumi mana nemasere emunyu unovaka muviri, uye kusvika kumwedzi mitanhatu yesimbi dzinorema (pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu asati aita acidization).
• Kunyora Mudziyo: Bhodhoro rega rega remuenzaniso rinofanira kunge rakanyorerwa nhamba yekutama richiratidza nguva nenzvimbo yekutorwa kwesampuli, zita rechinhu chacho, uye nzira yekuchengetedza kuti sampuli isavhiringidzwe.
• Zvinyorwa zvekufambisa: Zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa sampuro nepepa rekutora kuti unyore maitiro ese esampuli kubva pakuunganidzwa kusvika kurabhoritari kuitira kuti zvizadzise zvinodiwa zvekutarisa mhando uye kuongororwa kwemhando.

Mienzaniso yeMafungiro Akajairika uye Zvikanganiso

Mubasa rekutarisa hunhu hwemvura, nekuda kwekusaziva nezvekushandiswa kwemabhodhoro ekutora sampuro, kazhinji pane zvimwe zvinoita sezvidiki asi zvakakomba pamhedzisiro yekukanganisa kwekushanda. Izvi zvinotevera zvinoronza kusanzwisisana kwakajairika uye mhedzisiro inokonzerwa nazvo, kuti zvishandiswe uye kunyevera.

1. Kusvibiswa kwemuenzaniso kana kunyudzwa kwemvura nekuda kwekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvisiri izvo

• Kana mabhodhoro epurasitiki akajairwa achishandiswa kuunganidza maVOC samples, mabhodhoro epurasitiki (kunyanya PVC kana polyethylene isina kunaka) anogona kunyungudika kana kupinda muzvinhu zvinosvibisa zvipenyu, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinonangwa uye kukosha kwakaderera kana kusingaonekwe. Mabhodhoro egirazi anodzorwa neEPA ane misoro isina mweya anofanira kushandiswa, aine PTFE/silicone gaskets mucap liner kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti makemikari haana kumira zvakanaka uye haana kuvharwa.

2. Kuregeredza migumisiro yekunzwa kwechiedza kunotungamira mukuora kwemuenzaniso

• Kana mabhodhoro egirazi anopenya achishandiswa kuunganidza masara ezvipembenene uye akasvikwa nezuva kwenguva yakareba mushure mekutorwa, zvimwe zvinhu zvakasikwa zvakaita sezvipembenene, maPAH, nezvimwe zvinhu zvine nitroaromatic zvinonzwa zvakanyanya kuchiedza, uye zvinogona kuora nekushanduka pasi pechiedza, zvichikonzera mhedzisiro yakakanganisika. Pazvinhu zvinonzwa kupenya, mabhodhoro ebrown anofanira kushandiswa pakutorwa, uye sampuli dzinofanira kuchengetwa nekukurumidza uye kudzivirirwa kubva kuchiedza mushure mekutorwa, uye chiedza chezuva chakananga chinofanirawo kudzivirirwa panguva yekutakura.

3. Hapana zvinochengetedza kana mamiriro ekuchengetedza asina kunaka, kuora kwemuenzaniso

• Kana sampuro dzeammonia nitrogen dzakaunganidzwa pasina mishonga yekuchengetedza uye dzakaiswa mufiriji kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana dzisati dzatumirwa kunoongororwa. Pakupisa kwemukamuri, tupukanana tunokasira kusanganisa ammonia nitrogen mumvura kana kuishandura kuita mamwe marudzi, zvichikonzera shanduko muhuwandu hweammonia nitrogen uye kuita kuti mhedzisiro yebvunzo isashande. Sampuro dzinofanira kuiswa acid nekuwedzera sulfuric acid kana hydrochloric acid nekukurumidza mushure mekuunganidzwa kudzivirira kushanda kwetupukanana uye kutakurwa munzvimbo dzakachengetwa mufiriji pa4°C kuitira kuti dzive nechokwadi chekuti dzatumirwa kunoongororwa mukati menguva yakatarwa.

Pfungwa dzisina kururama idzi dzinotiyeuchidza kuti kusarudza mabhodhoro ekuongorora mvura eEPA akakodzera idanho rekutanga chete, uye chinonyanya kukosha, kushanda kwakajairika kwemaitiro ese uye ruzivo rwekudzora, kuitira kuve nechokwadi chekuti data rekuyera hunhu hwemvura nderechokwadi uye rakavimbika, rine hunhu hwepamutemo uye hwehunyanzvi.

Mhedziso

Mukutarisa hunhu hwemvura, mabhodhoro eEPA ekuongorora mvura, kunyangwe ari mudziyo mudiki chete, ane basa rakakosha mukuita kwekutora sampuli yese uye kuongorora. Kusarudza mabhodhoro eEPA ekuongorora mvura kwakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti data rakarurama, rinoteverwa zvakanaka uye kuti mitemo itevedzerwe.

Kungoshandisa mabhodhoro ekuyedza ekutora sampuli zvine musoro, pamwe chete nemaitiro akajairwa ekushanda (akadai sekushandisa zvinochengetedza, kuchengetera kure nechiedza, kutakurwa mufiriji, nezvimwewo), kunogona kuderedza shanduko mukuunganidza, kuchengetera uye kutakurwa kwemasampuli, kuitira kuve nechokwadi chekuti mhinduro dzekupedzisira dzebvunzo ndedzechokwadi, dzakavimbika uye dzinoshanda zviri pamutemo.

Pamusoro pezvo, zvinokurudzirwa kuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe chigare chichironga kudzidziswa kwemaziso kwevasampuri kuti vavandudze kunzwisisa nekushandisa mitemo yeEPA uye zvinodiwa pakushandisa mabhodhoro emuenzaniso, kuitira kudzivirira matambudziko akadai sekuchera patsva, kusashanda zvakanaka kwedata kana kukundikana kwekuongorora nekuda kwezvikanganiso zvekushanda, nokudaro zvichivandudza hunyanzvi uye mhando yebasa rekutarisa hunhu hwemvura.