Nhanganyaya

Nekusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera dambudziko, kuongororwa kwemhando yemvura kwave chikamu chakakosha chekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, kuchengetedza hutano hweveruzhinji uye mutemo wemaindasitiri. Kungave kuri kuyedza mvura yekunwa, ongororo yekuraswa kwemvura mumaindasitiri, kana ongororo yezvakatipoteredza yenzizi nemadziva, data rekuongorora remhando yemvura ndiro hwaro hwekuita sarudzo dzesainzi uye kutonga kwekuteerera.

Sezvo danho rekutanga muhutano hwemvura yekuongorora maitiro, iko kurongeka kwekuunganidza sampuli kwakabatana zvakananga nekuvimbika kweyese yekuedza.EPA mvura yekuongorora mabhodhoro, semidziyo yekutakura samples, kunyangwe idiki muhukuru uye iri nyore pakutaridzika, ndiyo chinhu chakakosha kuona kuti masampuli haana kusvibiswa, haaite, uye akachengetedzwa zvakatsiga.Kana kusarudzwa kwacho kusina kukodzera, hazvizongotungamirira kukukanganiswa kwedheta rekuedza, uye zvinogona kukonzera kudzokorora sampling, kunonoka kufambira mberi kwebasa uye kuwedzera mari.

Tsanangudzo uye Kurongeka kweEPA Mvura Yekuongorora Vials

EPA mvura yekuongorora mabhodhoro midziyo yesampling inosangana neEPA sampling uye miyero yekuongorora uye inonyanya kushandiswa kuunganidza nekuchengetedza masampuli emvura kuitira kunotevera kuongororwa murabhoritari. Aya mabhodhoro akagadzirirwa kune akasiyana bvunzo zvinhu, kuchengetedza zvinodiwa, uye hunhu hwezvinhu kuti uderedze kusvibiswa, kuderedzwa, kana shanduko yekuumbwa panguva yekufambisa uye kuchengetedza, uye kuve nechokwadi chechokwadi uye kuberekazve kwemhedzisiro yekuongorora.

Zvinoenderana neakasiyana zvinhu uye mabasa, EPA mvura yekuongorora mabhodhoro anonyanya kukamurwa muzvikamu zvinotevera:

1. Mabhodhoro egirazi

• Inowanzo shandiswa kuunganidza organic zvinosvibisa nekuti inert, haina nyore kushambadza zvinonangwa zvinhu, uye inogona kutsungirira tembiricha yekumisa. Kazhinji akashongedzerwa screw caps uye PTFE/silicone gaskets kuwedzera chisimbiso uye kugadzikana kwemakemikari.

2. Mabhodhoro epolyethylene

• Kusanganisira yakakwirira-density polyethylene uye yakaderera-density polyethylene zvinhu, inowanzoshandiswa pakuenzanisa mazinga mashanu ezvinosvibisa senge maion simbi, zvinovaka muviri munyu, anions uye cations. Aya mabhodhoro haapindire uye akareruka, achiaita kuti akwanise kutakurika pasaiti uye kushandiswa kwepamusoro-vhoriyamu.

3. Amber mabhodhoro

• Iyo ine yakanaka shading basa uye inonyanya kushandiswa pakuongorora kwechiedza-sensitive zvinhu, izvo zvinogona kudzivirira zvinobudirira UV-induced chemical reaction kana kuora.

4. Teflon-lined mabhodhoro

• Inokodzera kurongeka kwepamusoro-soro, kuongororwa kwemazinga, sekuunganidzwa kwemasimbi anorema kana sampuli dzinoparadza zvakanyanya. PTFE ine yakanakisa makemikari kuramba uye inertness, uye haizoite nechero zvinhu, asi inodhura.

Chinhu chega chega cheEPA yekuongorora mvura bhodhoro ine yayo chaiyo chiyero chekushandisa, kusarudzwa kunofanirwa kuve kwakavakirwa pamhando yezvinhu zvekuyedzwa, zvemuviri uye zvemakemikari zvimiro zvechinangwa, pamwe nekutanga kurapwa kuenderana nemhando yebhodhoro rakakodzera uye mamiriro ekutanga kurapwa. Kana mudziyo usina kusarudzwa nemazvo, unogona kukanganisa data rekuyedza, kana kutungamira kumarara emarara kana kutoda kuunganidzwa zvakare, zvichikanganisa maitiro ese eprojekiti.

Zvinhu Zvikuru Mukusarudza EPA Mvura Yekuongorora Vials

Mukuyedzwa kwemhando yemvura, kusarudza mabhodhoro ekuongorora mvura eEPA kwakakosha pakuona mhedzisiro chaiyo.

1. Rudzi rwechinhu chekuedza

Zvinhu zvakasiyana zvekuyedza zvinoenderana neakasiyana sampling zvinodiwa, saka nhanho yekutanga pakusarudza EPA yekuongorora mvura mabhodhoro ndeyekutsanangura zvinhu zvekuyedza:

• Kuonekwa kwezvinosvibisa zvipenyu: senge organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds, nezvimwewo, inofanira kushandisa mabhodhoro egirazi. Iyo girazi zvinhu zvinodzivirira zvinodzivirira kushambadza uye volatilization yezve organic zvikamu, uye kazhinji zvinodikanwa kufanoisa acid kuti inhibit microbial chiitiko uye kudzivirira kuderedzwa kwechinangwa.
• Kuonekwa kwesimbi inorema: zvakadai semutobvu, mercury, cadmium nezvimwe zvinhu zvesimbi, zvinofanira kushandisa mabhodhoro e-high-density polyethylene, nekuda kwekusapindira kwesimbi kumashure, kwete nyore kushambadza ion simbi, uye ine kugadzikana kwakanaka kwemakemikari.
• Microbiological kuongororwa: senge coliform bacteria, yakazara colony count, zvichingodaro, inoda kushandisa isina kuchena, inoraswa mabhodhoro epurasitiki, kazhinji PET kana polypropylene, kuve nechokwadi chekuti masampuli haana kusvibiswa asati atakurwa.

2. Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu

Hunhu hwezvinhu zvakasiyana hunhu hune hunhu hwahwo uye hunokanganisa data rekuyedza zvakasiyana:

• Mabhodhoro egirazi: yakakwirira tembiricha inodzivirira, kemikari inert, isiri nyore kuita ne organic zvinhu, yakagadziridzwa organic analysis. Zvisinei, uremu hwakakura, huri nyore kuputsika, chekufambisa chinoda kungwarira.
• Mabhodhoro epurasitiki (polyethylene, polypropylene, nezvimwewo): yakareruka, isiri nyore kutyora, yakakodzera kune yakawanda inorganic ongororo. Nekudaro, mamwe mapurasitiki anogona kushambadza zvinosvibisa organic kana kuburitsa tsvina yekumashure, isina kukodzera kutsvaga organic ongororo.

3. Kuti pre-processing inodiwa

EPA mvura yekuongorora mabhodhoro kazhinji inoda kufanozadzwa nemapreservatives kana marapiro kuitira kuchengetedza sampuli kugadzikana:

• Zvakajairika kuchengetedza zvinosanganisira HCI, HNO₃, uye NaOH.
• Pa-saiti pre-kurapa: inogona kuderedza shanduko, asi inoda yakamisikidzwa oparesheni uye mamwe epa-saiti mamiriro.
• Murabhoritari pre-kurapa: kunyatsoshanda, asi kunoda epamusoro ekuchengetedza sampuli mamiriro uye inogona kuunza shanduko panguva yekufambisa.

4. Ruvara rwebhodhoro

• Brown bhodhoro: Inoshandiswa kuita sampling zvinhu zvinonzwa chiedza, zvakadai semimwe mishonga yezvipembenene, organic pollutants, etc. Inogona kunyatsovharisa ultraviolet mwaranzi uye kunonotsa sampuli kushatiswa.
• Transparent bhodhoro: inokodzera mapurojekiti asinganzwisisike, nyore kuona ruvara rwemasampuli emvura, turbidity uye zvimwe zvinhu zvemuviri, asi hazvikurudzirwe pakuona kwephotosensitive makomisheni.

5. Kusarudzwa kwevhoriyamu

• Inofanira kunge yakavakirwa pabvunzo nzira. Laboratory zvinodiwa uye chirongwa chepurojekiti chekusarudza huwandu hwebhodhoro. Zvakajairwa kutaurwa ndeye 40ml, 125ml, 500ml, nezvimwe.
• Mamwe mapurojekiti anoda kuti imwe chiyero che "air head space" isiiwe kuitira kuwedzera reagents kana kudzivirira kutonhora nekuwedzera; nepo mamwe mapurojekiti achida kuti pasave nenzvimbo yasara uye bhodhoro rizadzwe kusvika pakukwana.

EPA Standards uye Regulatory Zvinodiwa

Mukuyedzwa kwemhando yemvura, midziyo yesampling haingori chikamu chekuyedza, asiwo chikamu chakakosha chekutonga kwakasimba kweiyo EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) mune dzinoverengeka nzira dzekuyedza mumabhodhoro ekuongorora mvura kuita gadziriro dzakajeka dzemhando yekuongorora kwemvura, zvinhu, uye kubata kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti data rekuongorora resainzi, kurongeka uye kutevedzera zviri pamutemo.

1. Yakajairwa EPA mvura yemhando yekutarisa zviyero uye sampling bhodhoro zvinodiwa

Pazasi pane akati wandei anomiririra EPA bvunzo nzira uye avo chaiwo madhigirii esampling mabhodhoro:

• EPA 524.2 (VOC bvunzo): inoda kushandiswa kwe40 ml isina musoro isina musoro mabhodhoro ane PTFE / silicone sealing gaskets, ine hydrochloric acid yakawedzerwa mubhodhoro sekuchengetedza. Bhodhoro rinoda kuzadzwa kumusoro pasina mabhuru emhepo kana voids kudzivirira VOC kutiza.
• EPA 200.8 (ICP-MS kuona kwezvinhu zvesimbi): yakakurudzirwa kushandiswa kweHDPE mabhodhoro epurasitiki, mabhodhoro anoda kuwedzerwa kune nitric acid pre-acidification kudzivirira simbi precipitation adsorption.
• EPA 300 yakatevedzana (ion chromatography kuongororwa kweanions uye cations): mabhodhoro epolypropylene kana polyethylene anogona kushandiswa pasina kuwedzera asidi, mabhodhoro anodiwa kuti ave akachena uye asina ion inopindira.
• EPA 1600 series (microbiological test): inoda mabhodhoro epurasitiki asina kuchena, anoraswa, anowanzo shandiswa kune yakazara coliforms, enterococci uye zvimwe zviratidzo, bhodhoro rinogona kuwedzerwa kuhuwandu hwakakodzera hwesodium thiosulfate kuti iite neutralize chlorine masara.

Imwe neimwe chiyero ine mirau yakasimba pamhando yebhodhoro, vhoriyamu, tembiricha yekuchengetera uye nguva yekuchengeta, uye kufuratira chero yeiyi ruzivo kunogona kukonzera data risiri iro.

2. Murabhoritari accreditation system zvinodiwa pasampling midziyo

Mukuita, akawanda echitatu-bato marabhoritari anoda kubvumidzwa kwakasarudzika, senge:

• NELAC (National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference): Zvinoda pachena kuti midziyo yekusampling, sampling maitiro, uye nzira dzekuchengetedza dzitevedze EPA kana mazinga enyika, uye kuti cheni yakazara yemasample inyorwe.
• TS EN ISO/IEC 17025 (Zvakawanda Zvinodiwa zvekukwanisa Kuedza uye Calibration Laboratories): inosimbisa kuteedzera, yakamisikidzwa manejimendi ezvishandiso zvesampling uye marekodhi ekushandisa kwavo, uye kumisikidzwa kweSOPs (Standard Operating Procedures) yekusarudzwa kwemidziyo, kuchenesa uye kuchengetedza.

Marabhoritari akapasa aya maredhisheni anosungirwa kuve neyakaomesesa sampuli yekuunganidza manejimendi system, uye kusarudzwa uye kushandiswa kwemabhodhoro esampling kunofanirwa kunyorerwa mukati kana kunze kwekuongorora.

3. Zvinoshanda zvinorehwa nekuita kwekuteerera

Kusarudza iyo chaiyo EPA yakajairwa yekuongorora mvura mabhodhoro echando mukunyatso kutevedzera mirau haisi yekusangana nerabhoritari kana chirongwa chinodiwa, asi zvakare ine hukama zvakananga kune zvinotevera:

• Iva nechokwadi chechokwadi chesainzi uye chepamutemo chebvunzo data: pamutemo sampling uye nzira dzekuchengetedza ndidzo hwaro hwekutarisisa data kuti rizivikanwe nemapazi ehurumende, matare kana nzanga.
• Kupfuura kuongororwa kweprojekiti uye kuongororwa kwemhando: Kunyanya mumaitirwo ekuongorora kwezvakatipoteredza, mvumo yekuburitsa, kugamuchirwa kwezvakatipoteredza, nezvimwewo, kushandiswa kwakamisikidzwa kwemabhodhoro esampling kunogona kudzivirira kudzoserwa kana kuongororwazve nekuda kwekusatevedzera.
• Dzivisa marara emuenzaniso uye njodzi yekuunganidzazve: Kana imwe sampuli yakawanikwa isina kukodzera, inoda kuunganidzwa zvakare, iyo isingangononoki kufambira mberi, asiwo inowedzera mari yebasa, zvinhu uye kutakura.

Chengetedzo muKugadzira Kushanda

Kunyangwe kana mavharo ekuongorora emvura eEPA akasarudzwa anosangana nezviyero zveEPA, kubata zvisina kunaka panguva yesampling, kuchengetedza, uye kutakura kungangokonzera kusvibiswa kwemuenzaniso, kushata, kana kusashanda kwedata. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kutarisisa kune zvese zvakadzama kuti ive nechokwadi chekutendeseka kwemuenzaniso uye chokwadi chemhedzisiro yebvunzo.

1. Cap seal check

Kuiswa chisimbiso kweEPA mabhodhoro ekuongorora mvura kune hukama zvakananga nekuti kana sampu yacho ichanyungudika, kudonha, kana kuita nekunwa hunyoro panguva yehupenyu hwesherufu:

• Usati waita sampling, chivharo chinofanirwa kuongororwa kuti chivharo chinonyatsoenderana nemuromo webhodhoro, uye kana paine chero deformation, kuputsika kana kuchembera.
• Kuti uone kusvibiswa kwemakemikari emakemikari nezvimwe zvinhu zvinonyanya kuoma, zvakakosha kushandisa tambo yakavharidzirwa yekuvhara ne PTFE/silicone gasket, simbisa uye wozotungamirira kune cheki kuti uone kuti hapana kubuda.
• Iyo cap inofanira kusimbiswa pakarepo mushure mekunge sampling yapera kudzivirira kuratidzwa kwenguva refu.

2. Nzira dzekudzivisa kusvibiswa

Chero kushanda kusina kuchena kune mukana wekuunza kukanganisa kwemashure kunogona kukanganisa chikamu chemashure chemuenzaniso, kunyanya kukoshesa mukutsvaga kuongorora kana kuonekwa kwehutachiona:

• Shandisa magurovhosi anoraswa pamuenzaniso wega wega muunganidzwa uye wotsiva bhodhoro usati watamba kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwemuchinjiko.
• Shandisa zviridzwa zvesampling (semuenzaniso, sampling rods, sampling pombi, nezvimwewo) wochenesa kana kuatsiva zvakakwana pakati penzvimbo dzesampling.
• Kune sampuli dzinoda pa-saiti pretreatment, shandisa mapipette akachena kana mabhoti akafanozadzwa neanochengetedza kudzivirira kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kumhepo.

3. Sample kuchengetedza uye kutakura zvinodiwa

Sampuli dzemvura dzinogona kushanduka, kudzikisirwa kana kutadza kana dzisina kuchengetwa kana kutakurwa nemazvo panguva kubva panguva yekuunganidzwa kusvika panguva yekuongororwa kwekuyedza:

• Kuchengetedza tembiricha: yakawanda EPA yekuongorora mvura yemvura inoda kuchengetwa pasi pemamiriro efriji pa4 ℃, uye inowanzotakurwa mubhokisi refiriji kana ice pack; microbiological samples dzinofanirwa kunyatsodzorwa tembiricha uye kuongororwa mukati memaawa matanhatu.
• Kuchengetedza nguva: Zvinhu zvakasiyana zvine nguva dzakasiyana dzekuchengetedza, semuenzaniso mazuva gumi nemana eVOCs, maawa makumi mana nemasere emunyu unovaka muviri, uye kusvika kumwedzi mitanhatu yesimbi inorema (pasi pe pre-acidification mamiriro).
• Container Labeling: Yega yega bhodhoro remuenzaniso rinofanira kunyorwa nenhamba yenhamba yekufambisa inoratidza nguva nenzvimbo yesampling, zita rechinhu, uye nzira yekuchengetedza kudzivirira kuvhiringidzika kwemuenzaniso.
• Zvinyorwa zvekufambisa: Zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa sampuli uye oh ah pick-up sheet kuti inyore maitiro ose emuenzaniso kubva pakuunganidza kusvika ku laboratori kuitira kuti uwane zvinodiwa zvehutano hwehutano uye kuongorora.

Mienzaniso yeMafungiro Akajairika uye Mhosho

Mubasa rekutarisa remhando yemvura chaiyo, nekuda kwekushaikwa kweruzivo rwekushandiswa kwemabhodhoro emasampling, pane kazhinji kacho zvimwe zvinoita sezvidiki asi zvakakomba zvinokanganisa mhedzisiro yekukanganisa kushanda. Zvinotevera zvinoratidza kusanzwisisana kwakati wandei nemhedzisiro yakakonzerwa nazvo, sereferensi uye yambiro.

1. Sample kusvibiswa kana adsorption nekuda kwekushandisa zvisirizvo zvinhu

• Kana mabhodhoro epurasitiki akajairwa achishandiswa kuunganidza sampuli dzeVOC, mabhodhoro epurasitiki (kunyanya PVC kana polyethylene yakaderera) anowanzoita adsorption kana kupenya kwezvinosvibisa organic, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwekunangwa uye kukosha kwakaderera kana kusingaonekwe. EPA-inodzorwa mabhodhoro egirazi ane misoro isina mweya inofanirwa kushandiswa, ine PTFE/silicone gaskets mu cap liner kuve nechokwadi chemakemikari inertness uye chisimbiso.

2. Kusava nehanya nemigumisiro ye photosensitivity kunotungamirira kune sampuli kuora

• Kana mabhodhoro egirazi akajeka akashandiswa kuunganidza masamples emishonga yezvipembenene uye akaiswa kuchiedza chezuva kwenguva yakareba mushure mekuita sampling, zvimwe zvinhu zvemuchadenga zvakaita semishonga yezvipembenene, PAHs, uye nitroaromatic zvinhu zvinonzwa zvakanyanya kuchiedza, uye zvinogona kuora uye kushanduka pasi pechiedza, zvichikonzera kukanganisa mhedzisiro. Pazvinhu zvinonzwa mafoto, mabhodhoro ebrown anofanirwa kushandiswa kuita sampling, uye masampuli anofanirwa kuchengetwa nekukurumidza uye akadzivirirwa kubva kuchiedza mushure mekuita sampling, uye zuva rakananga rinofanirawo kudzivirirwa panguva yekufambisa.

3. Hapana zvidziviriro kana mamiriro asina kunaka ekuchengetedza, kuora kwemuenzaniso

• Kana ammonia nitrogen samples akaunganidzwa pasina mapreservatives uye akaiswa mufiriji kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana asati atumirwa kunoongororwa. Patembiricha yemumba, tupukanana tuchakurumidza kugaya ammonia nitrogen mumvura kana kuishandura kuita mamwe mafomu, zvichikonzera shanduko yeammonia nitrogen concentration uye kukanganisa mhedzisiro yebvunzo. Samples dzinofanirwa kuve acidified nekuwedzera sulfuric acid kana hydrochloric acid nekukurumidza mushure mekuunganidza kuti inhibit microbial chiitiko uye kutakurwa pasi pemamiriro efiriji pa4 ° C kuve nechokwadi kuti inotumirwa kunoongororwa mukati menguva yakatarwa.

Aya maonero asiriwo akajairika anotiyeuchidza kuti kusarudza iyo EPA mvura yekuongorora mabhodhoro ingori danho rekutanga, uye zvinotonyanya kukosha, kushanda kwakamisikidzwa kwemaitiro ese uye ruzivo rwekutonga, kuitira kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti data rekuongorora remhando yemvura nderechokwadi uye rakavimbika, zvine humbowo hwepamutemo uye hwehunyanzvi.

Mhedziso

Mukutarisisa kwemhando yemvura, EPA mvura yekuongorora mabhodhoro, kunyangwe ichingova chigaba chidiki, inoita basa rakakosha mune yese sampling uye yekuongorora maitiro. Kusarudza EPA mvura yekuongorora mabhodhoro kwakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chechokwadi che data, kuteedzera uye kuteedzera.

Chete pahwaro hwekusarudzwa kwakanaka kwemabhodhoro esampling, akasanganiswa neakamisikidzwa maitiro ekushanda (sekushandiswa kwezvidziviriro, kuchengetedza kure nechiedza, kutakura firiji, nezvimwewo), kunogona kuderedza shanduko mukuunganidza, kuchengetedza uye kutakura kwemasamples, kuve nechokwadi chekuti mhedzisiro yekupedzisira ndeyechokwadi, yakavimbika uye inoshanda zviri pamutemo.

Pamusoro pezvo, zvinokurudzirwa kuti chikamu chega chega chigare chichironga kudzidziswa kwemaziso kwevasamplers kuti vavandudze kunzwisisa uye kuitwa kweiyo EPA miyero uye emuenzaniso mashandisirwo ebhodhoro, kuitira kudzivirira matambudziko akadai sekucherazve, kudzima data kana kutadza kuwongorora nekuda kwekukanganisa kwekushanda, nekudaro kuvandudza zvakanyanya hunyanzvi uye mhando yebasa rekutarisa remvura.