Nhanganyaya

Mavharo emusoro ndiwo magaba emuenzaniso anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuongorora kwegasi chromatography (GC), anonyanya kushandiswa kufukidza masampuli egasi kana emvura kuti awane kutakurwa kwakagadzikana uye kuongororwa kwemuenzaniso kuburikidza nesystem yakavharwa. Hunhu hwavo hwakanaka hwekuvharwa uye kusagadzikana kwemakemikari zvakakosha kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti mhedzisiro yekuongorora yakarurama uye inodzokororwa.

Mukuyedza kwezuva nezuva, mabhodhoro emusoro anowanzo shandiswa sezvinhu zvinoraswa. Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvichibatsira kuderedza kusvibiswa, zvinowedzerawo zvakanyanya mutengo wekushanda murabhoritari, kunyanya mukushandiswa kwesampuro dzakawanda uye kakawanda kwekuyedza. Pamusoro pezvo, kushandiswa kunoraswa kunoguma nemarara akawanda egirazi, izvo zvinoisa kumanikidzwa pakugara kwenguva refu kwerabhoritari.

Zvinhu uye Hunhu hweMavharo eHeadspace

Mabhodhoro emusoro anowanzogadzirwa negirazi reborosilicate rakasimba uye rinodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya, iro risingapindi makemikari uye rakagadzikana pakupisa zvakakwana kuti rikwanise kutsungirira mhando dzakasiyana dzezvinonyungudutsa, mamiriro ekudya anopisa zvakanyanya uye nzvimbo dzekushanda dzine simba rakawanda.Padzidziso, girazi reborosilicate rine mukana wakanaka wekuchenesa nekushandisazve, asi hupenyu hwaro chaihwo hunogumira pazvinhu zvakaita sekusakara kwechimiro uye zvasara zvekusvibiswa.

Sisitimu yekuvharira chinhu chakakosha pakushanda kwemavhaira emusoro uye kazhinji ine chivharo chearuminiyamu kana chivharo. Chivharo chearuminiyamu chinoita kuti muromo webhodhoro usavharwe negasi nekushandisa gland kana threading, nepo chivharo ichipa mukana wekupinda netsono uye chinodzivirira kubuda kwegasi. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti nepo muviri wevhaira regirazi uchiramba uine chimiro chayo chepakutanga mushure mekugezwa kakawanda, chivharo chinowanzova chinhu chinoraswa uye chinowanzorasikirwa nechivharo uye kurasikirwa nezvinhu mushure mekuboorwa, zvichikanganisa kuvimbika kwekushandiswazve. Naizvozvo, pakuedza kushandiswazve, chivharo chinowanzoda kutsiviwa, nepo kushandiswazve kwemavhaira egirazi nezvivharo zvearuminiyamu zvichifanira kuongororwa kuti zvine simba rei uye kuti zvinokwanisa kuchengetedza mhepo isina kudzika.

Pamusoro pezvo, mhando dzakasiyana dzemabhodhoro zvichienderana nehukuru, kugadzirwa pamwe chete. Panogona kunge paine misiyano midiki mukugadzirwa kwemuromo webhodhoro, nezvimwewo, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kuenderana nemabhodhoro e autosampler, kukwana kwechisimbiso, uye mamiriro akasara mushure mekuchenesa. Saka, pakugadzira chirongwa chekuchenesa nekushandisazve, kusimbiswa kwakajairika kunofanirwa kuitwa kune chaiwo mabhodhoro anoshandiswa kuona kuti data rakavimbika uye rinoenderana.

Kuongorora Kugona Kwekuchenesa

1. Nzira dzekuchenesa

Mabhodhoro emusoro anocheneswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mapoka maviri makuru: kuchenesa nemaoko uye kuchenesa otomatiki. Kuchenesa nemaoko kunowanzo kukodzera kugadzirwa kwebatch diki, kushanda kunochinjika, kazhinji nebhurashi rebhodhoro re reagent, sukurudza nemvura inoyerera uye kugadzirisa reagent yemakemikari nenzira dzakawanda. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekuti maitiro ekuchenesa anoenderana nekushanda nemaoko, pane njodzi yekuti mhedzisiro yekuchenesa inogona kudzokorora uye kusagadzikana.

Kusiyana neizvi, michina yekuchenesa otomatiki inogona kuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekuchenesa uye kugara zvakanaka. Kuchenesa kweUltrasonic kunogadzira mabhubhu madiki kuburikidza nekuputika kwemhepo, izvo zvinogona kubvisa zvinobudirira madutu anonamatira pakudzivirira, uye zvinonyanya kukodzera kubata madutu anonamira zvakanyanya kana madutu eorganic.

Kusarudzwa kwemushonga wekuchenesa kune simba guru pakuchenesa. Mishonga yekuchenesa inowanzo shandiswa inosanganisira ethanol, acetone, mvura yekuwachisa mumabhodhoro emvura, uye sipo dzakakosha. Maitiro ekuchenesa ane matanho akawanda anowanzo kurudzirwa: kusuka zvinonyungudutsa (kubvisa zvasara zve organic)→kusuka mumvura (kubvisa kusvibiswa kunonyungudika mumvura)→kusuka nemvura yakachena.

Mushure mekunge kuchenesa kwapera, kuomesa kwakanyatsoitwa kunofanira kuitwa kudzivirira hunyoro husina kusara huchikanganisa muenzaniso. Midziyo yekuomesa inowanzo shandiswa muovheni yekuomesa yerabhoritari (60 ℃ -120 ℃), kune mamwe mashandisirwo akaomarara, inogonawo kushandiswa kuwedzera kuchena uye kugona kwebhakitiriya kwe autoclaving.

2. Kuonekwa kwezvisaririra mushure mekuchenesa

Kuchenesa kwakakwana kunofanirwa kusimbiswa nekuyedzwa kwezvisaririra. Zvinhu zvinowanzoonekwa kuti zvinosvibisa zvinosanganisira zvakasara kubva mumienzaniso yekare, zvinonyungudutsa mvura, zvinowedzerwa uye zvinhu zvekuchenesa zvakasara kubva mukuchenesa. Kukundikana kubvisa tsvina iyi zvachose kuchava nemhedzisiro yakaipa pakuongorora kunotevera kwakadai se "ghost peaks" uye ruzha rwakawedzera rwekumashure.

Panyaya yekuona, nzira yakatwasuka ndeyekuita kuti chirongo chisaonekwe, kureva kuti, chirongo chakacheneswa chinopinzwa sechinoiswa sampuli isina chinhu, uye kuvapo kwezvikomo zvisingazivikanwe kunoonekwa nekushandisa gas chromatography (GC) kana gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Imwe nzira yakajairika ndeyekuongorora carbon carbon, iyo inoshandiswa kuyera huwandu hwezvinhu zvipenyu zvasara pamusoro pechirongo kana mumushonga wekushambidza.

Pamusoro pezvo, "kuenzanisa kumashure" kunogona kuitwa uchishandisa nzira chaiyo yekuongorora ine chekuita nemuenzaniso: bhodhoro rakacheneswa rinoitwa mumamiriro akafanana nebhodhoro idzva, uye huwandu hwezviratidzo zvemashure hunoenzaniswa nekuvapo kwemisoro yenhema kuti vaone kana kuchenesa kuri kwechiyero chinogamuchirika.

Zvinhu Zvinokanganisa Kushandiswazve Kwechinhu

1. Mhedzisiro pamigumisiro yekuongorora

Kushandiswazve kwemabhodhoro eHeadspace kunofanira kutanga kwaongororwa kuti kwakanganisa sei mhedzisiro yekuongorora, kunyanya mukuongorora kwehuwandu. Sezvo huwandu hwemashandisirwo huchiwedzera, mamorekuru anogona kuramba ari pamadziro emukati mebhodhoro, uye kunyangwe mushure mekucheneswa, tsvina inogona kuburitswa pakupisa kwakanyanya, zvichikanganisa kuyera kwenzvimbo dzakatarwa. Inonyanya kugadzikana nekuongorora tsvina uye inogona kukanganiswa zvakanyanya nerusaruro.

Ruzha rwunowedzera kumashure idambudzikowo rinowanzoitika. Kusacheneswa kwakakwana kana kuora kwezvinhu zvinogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwehurongwa, zvichikanganisa kuzivikanwa kwepamusoro-soro uye kubatana.

Pamusoro pezvo, kukwanisa kudzokorodza kwekuyedza uye kugadzikana kwenguva refu zviratidzo zvakakosha zvekuongorora kugona kushandiswazve. Kana mabhodhoro asingawirirane pakuchena, kushanda kwekuvhara, kana kuvimbika kwezvinhu, izvi zvinotungamira mukusiyana kwekushanda kwejekiseni uye kushanduka-shanduka munzvimbo yepamusoro, zvichikanganisa kugona kudzokorodza kwekuyedza. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti bvunzo dzekusimbisa batch dziitwe pamabhodhoro anoshandiswazve mukushandisa kwacho kuti ive nechokwadi chekuenzana uye kuenderana kwedata rakaongororwa.

2. Kuchembera kweVial neSpacers

Kupfekwa kwemuviri uye kushata kwezvinhu zvebhodhoro nesealing system hazvidzivisike kana ukazvishandisa kakawanda. Mushure menguva dzakawanda dzekupisa, kukanganiswa nemagetsi uye kuchenesa, mabhodhoro egirazi anogona kuita zvidimbu zvidiki kana kukwenya, izvo zvisingangove "nzvimbo dzakafa" dzezvinhu zvinosvibisa chete, asiwo zvinokonzera njodzi yekuputika panguva yekushanda kwekupisa kwakanyanya.

Zvikamu zvinopatsanura, sezvinhu zvinoboorwa, zvinokurumidza kuipa. Kuwedzera kwezviboorwa kunogona kukonzera kuti nzvimbo inopatsanura ikure kana kuvharika zvisina kunaka, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa nekusagadzikana kwesampuro, kurasikirwa nemhepo, uye kutoti kusagadzikana kwechikafu. Kukwegura kwenzvimbo inopatsanura kunogonawo kuburitsa zvidimbu kana zvinhu zvipenyu zvinogona kusvibisa sampuro.

Zviratidzo zvekukwegura zvinosanganisira kuchinja ruvara rwebhodhoro, kudonha kwemvura pamusoro, uye kuchinja kwechivharo chearuminiyamu, zvese izvi zvinogona kukanganisa kushanda zvakanaka kwekutamisa sampuli uye kuenderana kwemidziyo. Kuti uve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzeka kwekuyedza uye kuvimbika kwedata, zvinokurudzirwa kuita ongororo dzinodiwa dzekuona uye bvunzo dzekuvhara usati washandisazve, uye kubvisa zvinhu zvinosakara zvakanyanya nenguva.

Mazano uye Nzira dzekudzivirira pakushandisazve

Mabhodhoro emusoro anogona kushandiswazve kusvika pamwero wakati mushure mekucheneswa nekusimbiswa zvakakwana, asi izvi zvinofanirwa kuongororwa nokungwarira zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo ekushandiswa, rudzi rwemuenzaniso uye mamiriro emidziyo.

1. Nhamba inokurudzirwa yekushandisazve

Zvichienderana neruzivo rwemamwe marabhoritari nemabhuku, pakushandisa maVOC kana masampuli asina kusvibiswa zvakanyanya anobatwa, mabhodhoro egirazi anogona kushandiswazve katatu kusvika kashanu, chero bedzi akacheneswa zvakanaka, aomeswa uye akaongororwa mushure mekushandisa kwega kwega. Mushure menguva dzakadai, kuoma kwekuchenesa, njodzi yekukwegura uye mukana wekusavhara zvakanaka mabhodhoro anowedzera zvakanyanya, uye zvinokurudzirwa kuti abviswe nenguva. Makusheni anokurudzirwa kutsiviwa mushure mekushandisa kwega kwega uye haakurudzirwi kushandiswazve.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mhando yemabhodhoro inosiyana pakati pemhando dzakasiyana uye inofanira kusimbiswa zvichienderana nezvigadzirwa. Kune mapurojekiti akakosha kana ongororo yakanyatsojeka, mabhodhoro matsva anofanira kusarudzwa kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti data rakavimbika.

2. Mamiriro ezvinhu apo kushandiswazve hakukurudzirwi

Hazvikurudzirwi kushandisa zvakare mabhodhoro emusoro kana paine zvinotevera:

• Zvisaririra zvemuenzaniso zvakaoma kubvisa zvachose, semuenzaniso sampuli dzakasimba zvakanyanya, dzinonyungudika nyore nyore kana kuti dzine munyu;
• Muenzaniso wacho une chepfu yakawanda kana kuti unoshanduka-shanduka, semuenzaniso benzene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, nezvimwewo. Zvasara zvisina kujeka zvinogona kuva nengozi kumushandisi;
• Kuvhara tembiricha yepamusoro kana mamiriro ekumanikidzwa mushure mekushandisa chivharo, shanduko yekushushikana kwechimiro zvinogona kukanganisa kuvharwa kunotevera;
• Mabhodhoro anoshandiswa munzvimbo dzine mitemo yakasimba yakadai sekuongorora mafambiro ezvirwere, chikafu, uye mishonga, uye anofanirwa kutevedzera mitemo yakakodzera uye zvinodiwa zvekubvumidzwa murabhoritari;
• Mabhodhoro ane maburi anooneka, maburi anochinja ruvara, kana mavara akaoma kubvisa anogona kukonzera njodzi.

3. Kugadzwa kwemaitiro ekushanda akajairika

Kuti pave nekushandiswazve kwakachengeteka uye zvinobudirira, nzira dzakajairika dzekushanda nadzo dzinofanira kugadzirwa, kusanganisira asi kwete kungogumira pane zvinotevera:

• Kuronga mazita uye manejimendi ekuverenga manhamba mumapoka: Tsvaga mabhodhoro akashandiswa uye nyora huwandu hwenguva nemarudzi emasampuli akashandiswa;
• Kugadzwa kwepepa rekunyora rekuchenesa: gadzirisa maitiro ekuchenesa ese, nyora mhando yemushonga wekuchenesa, nguva yekuchenesa, uye zviyero zvemidziyo;
• Kugadza mitemo yekuguma kwehupenyu uye maitiro ekuongororaZvinokurudzirwa kuti uongorore chitarisiko chako uye uise chisimbiso mushure mekushandisa kwega kwega;
• Kugadzira nzira yekuparadzanisa nzvimbo dzekuchenesa nedzekuchengetera zvinhu: kudzivirira kusvibiswa uye kuona kuti mabhodhoro akachena anoramba akachena usati washandisa;
• Kuita bvunzo dzekusimbisa nguva nenguva: semuenzaniso blank run kuratidza kusavapo kwekupindira kwemashure uye kuona kuti kushandiswa kakawanda hakukanganisi mhedzisiro yekuongorora.

Kuburikidza nekutarisira kwesainzi uye maitiro akajairwa, rabhoritari inogona kuderedza zvinonzwisisika mutengo wezvinhu zvinodyiwa pasi pechinangwa chekuvimbisa mhando yekuongorora, uye kuita mabasa ekuyedza akachengeteka uye anogara kwenguva refu.

Ongororo yeZvakanakira Zvehupfumi Nezvakatipoteredza

Kudzora mari uye kugara kwenguva refu kwave zvinhu zvakakosha mumabasa emazuva ano emarabhoritari. Kuchenesa nekushandisazve mabhodhoro emusoro kunogona kwete kungoderedza mari yakawanda chete, asiwo kuderedza marara emarabhoritari, izvo zvine kukosha kwakanaka pakuchengetedza nharaunda uye kuvaka marabhoritari ane girini.

1. Kuverenga mari yekuchengetedza: inogona kushandiswa kana kushandiswa zvakare

Kana mabhodhoro emusoro anoraswa akashandiswa pakuedza kwega kwega, kuyedza zana kwaizokonzera kurasikirwa kwemutengo we exponential. Kana bhodhoro rega rega regirazi raigona kushandiswazve zvakachengeteka kakawanda, kuyedza kumwe chete kwaizoda avhareji chete kana kutoti pasi pemutengo wekutanga.

Maitiro ekuchenesa anosanganisirawo magetsi, sipo uye mari yevashandi. Zvisinei, kuma laboratori ane masisitimu ekuchenesa otomatiki, mari yekuchenesa yakaderera, kunyanya mukuongorora huwandu hwakawanda hwemasampuli, uye mabhenefiti ehupfumi ekushandisazve zvinhu zvakare akakosha zvikuru.

2. Kubudirira kwekuderedza marara murabhoritari

Mabhodhoro anoshandiswa kamwe chete anogona kukurumidza kuunganidza marara akawanda egirazi. Nekushandisazve mabhodhoro, kugadzirwa kwemarara kunogona kuderedzwa zvakanyanya uye mutoro wekurasa marara unoderedzwa, uye mabhenefiti acho anokurumidzira kunyanya mumarabhoritari ane mitengo yakakwira yekurasa marara kana zvinodiwa zvakanyanya pakurongedza.

Pamusoro pezvo, kuderedza huwandu hwezvivharo zvemagetsi nearuminiyamu zvinoshandiswa kuchaderedza huwandu hwemarara anoburitswa nerabha nesimbi.

3. Mupiro mukusimudzira marabhoritari kwenguva refu

Kushandisazve zvinhu zvemurabhoritari chikamu chakakosha che "shanduko yegirini" yemurabhoritari. Nekuwedzera hupenyu hwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa pasina kukanganisa kunaka kwedata, hatingogadzirisi chete kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa, asiwo tinosangana nezvinodiwa zvemasisitimu ekutarisira nharaunda akadai seISO 14001. Inosanganawo nezvinodiwa zvemasisitimu ekutarisira nharaunda akadai seISO 14001, uye ine mhedzisiro yakanaka pakunyorera chitupa cherabhoritari yegirini, kuongororwa kwemayunivhesiti kuchengetedza simba, uye mishumo yemitoro yemakambani.

Panguva imwe chete, kuiswa kwemitemo yekushandiswazve uye kuchenesa kunokurudzirawo kuvandudzwa kwekutarisira marabhoritari uye kunobatsira kukudziridza tsika yekuyedza inopa kukosha kwakaenzana kune pfungwa yekuchengetedza zvinhu uye tsika dzesainzi.

Mhedziso uye Maonero

Muchidimbu, kuchenesa nekushandisazve mabhodhoro emusoro kunogoneka. Zvinhu zvegirazi zvemhando yepamusoro zveborosilicate zvine makemikari asina simba uye zvinodzivirira kupisa zvakanyanya zvinogona kushandiswa kakawanda pasina kukanganisa zvakanyanya mhedzisiro yekuongorora pasi pemaitiro akakodzera ekuchenesa nemamiriro ekushandisa. Kuburikidza nesarudzo ine musoro yemishonga yekuchenesa, kushandiswa kwemidziyo yekuchenesa otomatiki, uye musanganiswa wekurapa kwekuomesa nekuuraya utachiona, rabhoritari inogona kuwana kushandiswazve kwemabhodhoro kwakajairika, ichinyatsodzora mari uye ichideredza marara anobuda.

Mukushandisa kwacho, mhando yemuenzaniso, zvinodiwa pakunzwa kwenzira yekuongorora, uye kukwegura kwemabhodhoro nema spacers zvinofanirwa kuongororwa zvizere. Zvinokurudzirwa kuti pave nenzira yakakwana yekushandisa, kusanganisira rekodhi yekushandiswa, muganho wehuwandu hwekudzokorora, uye nzira yekubvisa nguva nenguva kuitira kuti kushandiswazve kusave nenjodzi kumhando yedata uye kuchengetedzeka kwekuyedza.

Tichitarisa mberi, nekukurudzira pfungwa yelabhoritari yakasvibirira uye kusimbiswa kwemitemo yezvakatipoteredza, kushandiswazve kwemabhodhoro kuchava nzira yakakosha yekutarisira zviwanikwa zvemarabhoritari, tsvakiridzo yeramangwana inogona kutarisa pakuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yekuchenesa inoshanda uye inongozvishandira yoga, kuongorora zvinhu zvitsva zvinogona kushandiswazve, nezvimwewo, kuburikidza nekuongorora kwesainzi uye kusimudzira manejimendi ekushandiswazve kwemabhodhoro emusoro hakuzongogumiri chete Kuburikidza nekuongorora kwesainzi uye manejimendi yakarongwa, kushandiswazve kwemabhodhoro emusoro hakungobatsiri chete kuderedza mutengo wekuyedza, asiwo kunopa nzira inogoneka yekuvandudza magariro emarabhoritari.